Oncofusion

start / graph / gene-ehmt2

Proteinmoderate confidence 3 of 5: One strong study, or several smaller consistent ones.Q101-writers-and-readers

EHMT2 / G9a - the H3K9me1/2 writer that sets whether the KMT2A LOCUS ITSELF rearranges, and whose loss delays MLL-AF9 AML in a supplementary figure nobody can find

also called EHMT2 · G9a · G9A · KMT1C · BAT8 · C6orf30 · NG36 · euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 · histone H3-K9 methyltransferase 3 · HLA-B-associated transcript 8

G9a puts a small silencing tag on histone H3, and how much of that tag sits on the KMT2A gene decides how easily that gene breaks and rearranges - the event that starts this leukaemia. In leukaemias that already exist, removing G9a slows them down and pushes the cells to mature.

The same thing, for a scientist

EHMT2/G9a (Q96KQ7, 1,210 aa, HGNC:14129) mono- and dimethylates histone H3 Lys-9 in euchromatin, heterodimerises with EHMT1/GLP, and also reads its own mark through its ANK repeats [E1]. It matters to this project in two completely separate ways. **Upstream, at the locus:** the H3K9me1/2 balance at the MLL/KMT2A locus, set by crosstalk between the demethylase KDM3B and G9a, controls whether that locus AMPLIFIES and REARRANGES; KDM3B depletion raises H3K9me1/2, lowers CTCF occupancy and promotes rearrangement, doxorubicin suppresses KDM3B and CTCF, and **G9a inhibition suppresses MLL/KMT2A rearrangement events in human cells and in mice** [E2]. **Downstream, in established disease:** G9a is a selective regulator of fast-proliferating myeloid progenitors with no discernible function in HSCs; its deletion delays AML, reduces leukaemia-stem-cell frequency, and forces myeloid differentiation, the effect requires its methyltransferase activity and its interaction with **HoxA9**, and primary human AML cells are sensitive to G9a inhibition [E3]. Two entries in this graph already name EHMT2 and neither is about it. The uncomfortable part is that this puts G9a on **both sides** of a therapeutic argument this graph has already made in the opposite direction for H3K9me3 - see `mark-h3k9me3` - and the mark identity is what separates them.

What it looks like
EHMT21,210 aa
ANK 1 (ankyrin repeat) · residues 649–678ANK 7 (ankyrin repeat) · residues 850–879Pre-Pre-SET · residues 972–1035SETSET · residues 1038–1155Post-SET · residues 1164–118005001,000
loading AF-Q96KQ7-F1…
AlphaFold AF-Q96KQ7-F1 ↗
colourshape

This is a prediction, not a measurement. No one has seen this protein in this shape. The colours say how much the software trusts itself, and that is worth reading before anything else — the orange stretches are places the model is effectively saying this part has no fixed shape.

very high (90+)confident (70–90)low (50–70)very low (<50)
I have never read one of these pictures before

A protein is one long chain of amino acids that folds up. The ribbon traces that chain from one end to the other; it is not a wire, it is a simplification of where the backbone runs. Drag to rotate, scroll to zoom.

Domains are the stretches of chain that do a particular job, and they are what the coloured blocks above the picture mark out. Click one and the view flies to it. In this project the important question about any domain is usually whether the fusion still has it — the labels say lost where it does not.

Anything in yellow sticks is a bound small molecule, which is usually the drug.

Go deeper
The finding this graph did not have: G9a gates rearrangement of the KMT2A locus itself

2 is a 2023 Cell paper about what makes MLL/KMT2A amplify and rearrange, and it is not cited anywhere in this graph (checked with scripts/check-citation-reuse.py, 2026-09-22).

The chain it reports:

  • H3K9me1/2 balance at the MLL/KMT2A locus regulates amplification and rearrangement there.
  • That balance is set by crosstalk between the demethylase KDM3B and the methyltransferase G9a/EHMT2.
  • KDM3B depletion raises H3K9me1/2 and reduces CTCF occupancy at the locus, which promotes amplification and rearrangement. Depleting CTCF alone is sufficient to produce the same focal alterations.
  • Doxorubicin - associated with therapy-induced leukaemia, and itself a promoter of MLL/KMT2A amplification and rearrangement - suppresses KDM3B and CTCF protein levels, and KDM3B or CTCF overexpression rescues the doxorubicin-induced alterations.
  • G9a inhibition suppresses the MLL/KMT2A events accompanying doxorubicin treatment, in human cells and in mice.

This graph has a whole break-machinery and genesis layer - mechanism-top2-cleavage-at-kmt2a, breakpoint-kmt2a-major-bcr, mechanism-replication-stress-endog-cleavage-kmt2a, epi-mllt3-is-the-commonest-partner-in-therapy-induced-kmt2a-leukaemia - and no chromatin-mark layer on top of it at all. 2 supplies one, with a drug (doxorubicin, which this graph holds as drug-doxorubicin) and a tractable enzyme at each end.

And note the direction, because it is the opposite of the downstream argument: here it is high H3K9me1/2 at the locus, i.e. more G9a output, that goes with rearrangement - and G9a INHIBITION that suppresses it.

The downstream argument: G9a is required by AML and not by HSCs, through HoxA9

3 (Genes Dev 2014) is the cleanest therapeutic-window argument in this beat, and it is also not cited here.

observationdetail (full text read via PMC3937511, 2026-09-22)
normal haematopoiesisG9a-/-(Vav) mice are born at normal frequency with no overt haematological abnormality; H3K9me2 falls as expected. G9a is a selective regulator of fast-proliferating myeloid progenitors with no discernible function in HSCs
established AMLG9a deletion in secondary recipients of Hoxa9/Meis1 (A9M) leukaemia: dramatic drop in circulating leukaemic cells by day 12, median survival 44 d against 23.5 d
generalityG9a deficiency similarly delayed MN1-induced OR MLL-AF9-induced AML - in Supplemental Fig. S5a,b
catalysisectopic wild-type G9a accelerates AML in vivo; the G9a/GLP inhibitor UNC0638 inhibits growth of G9a+/- but not G9a-/- A9M cells, which is a proper on-target control
phenotypeG9a-deficient and UNC0638-treated AML cells undergo myeloid differentiation
humanprimary human AML cells are sensitive to G9a inhibition

The MLL-AF9 arm is in a supplementary figure, and that is a measured retrieval problem. G9a[tiab] AND MLL[tiab] = 9 and EHMT2[tiab] AND KMT2A[tiab] = 3, and PMID 24532712 is in neither list 5. It is reachable only as EHMT2[tiab] AND HOXA9[tiab] = 1. This is rule 80 exactly - an index that covers titles and abstracts cannot bound a claim about supporting figures - and it is a fresh instance: a KMT2A-fusion experiment about a chromatin enzyme, invisible to every KMT2A and MLL query this project would run.

The contradiction with this graph's own H3K9 entry, and how mark identity resolves it

mark-h3k9me3 already carries a bite_back saying: H3K9 methyltransferase inhibitors are in clinical development, and in this disease the published direction is that H3K9 methylation restrains the fusion's targets - so a G9a or SETDB1 inhibitor given to a KMT2A-rearranged patient is a candidate for making the leukaemia worse. It names UNC0638 as the tool and notes it lowers H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 together.

3 points the other way: G9a loss or UNC0638 delays AML and forces differentiation.

Both can be true, and the resolution is which mark and which writer.

writermarkdirection in MLL-fusion AML
mark-h3k9me3's argumentSETDB1 (and SUV39H1)H3K9me3the mark RESTRAINS the fusion programme, so lowering it is bad
this entry's argumentG9a/EHMT2 with GLPH3K9me1/2G9a SUPPORTS HoxA9-dependent transcription, so lowering it is good

G9a does not write H3K9me3 - UniProt's catalytic activities for Q96KQ7 are H3K9 mono- and dimethylation plus H3K56me1, with only weak H3K27me 1. So the two claims concern different marks written by different enzymes with different consequences, and the confound is pharmacological rather than biological: UNC0638 lowers both, so a UNC0638 experiment cannot separate them, and mark-h3k9me3's use of UNC0638 as a SETDB1 proxy inherits the ambiguity in both directions. 3 tightens that caveat in one useful way - UNC0638's growth effect is absent in G9a-null cells, so at least the anti-proliferative component of that compound's action is G9a-on-target.

Neither entry is wrong and the pair should be read together. This entry does not amend mark-h3k9me3; it records the tension and names the experiment that would settle it.

Localization, cell type, the REST route this graph already found, and a non-histone substrate

Subcellular: Nucleus and Chromosome, both ECO:0000269 on a single 2001 citation (PubMed:11316813) 1. Subnuclear: NO COMPARTMENT ASSIGNED - and this is a notable gap, because G9a's mark is defined as the euchromatic H3K9 methylation in contrast to pericentromeric heterochromatin, so the compartment distinction is part of the enzyme's definition and is nonetheless not in the record as a localisation value. Recorded as an absence.

Cell type, and it is unusually on-target for this project: UniProt records EHMT2 as expressed in all tissues examined, with high levels in FETAL LIVER, thymus, lymph node, spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes and LOWER level in bone marrow 1. Fetal liver is where this graph places the cell of origin (cell-type-fetal-liver-hsc), and a fetal-liver-high / bone-marrow-low expression pattern is the shape an in-utero-initiated disease would want. DepMap: not essential, mean gene effect -0.2260 over 1,258 lines, 7.5% depleted, lymphoid tissue -0.2563 over 97 lines 4. In this project's own KMT2A scan the difference is -0.009 Chronos units at rank 7,974 of 17,728 - nothing, and recorded so nobody reads the rank as a signal.

The REST route, which this graph found from the other end. gene-med19 reports that MED19 and MED26 are the two Mediator subunits REST uses to deliver G9a-dependent H3K9me2 silencing (PMID 19049968). UniProt adds a condition that entry does not have: EHMT2 interacts with REST only in the presence of CDYL, and there is a complex containing at least CDYL, REST, WIZ, SETDB1, EHMT1 and EHMT2 (PMID 19061646) 1. So the REST-to-G9a route has a third required component, CDYL, which has no entry here and which DepMap scores as a non-dependency (rank 4,136, difference -0.0422).

Non-histone substrate: G9a dimethylates p53/TP53 at Lys-373 (PubMed:20118233), and also methylates CDYL, WIZ, ACIN1, DNMT1, HDAC1, ERCC6, KLF12 and itself 1. It additionally monomethylates H3K56 in G1 phase, promoting the histone-H3/PCNA interaction and regulating DNA replication - a replication-linked activity in a project whose break model includes replication stress.

Facts and figures
uniprotQ96KQ7
uniprot IDEHMT2_HUMAN
gene symbolEHMT2
length AA1210
hgnc IDHGNC:14129
ensembl gene IDENSG00000204371
alphafold IDAF-Q96KQ7-F1
accession assertionQ96KQ7 asserted explicitly. gene_exact:EHMT2 AND organism_id:9606 AND reviewed:true returns exactly ONE reviewed human record (2026-09-22), with G9A, KMT1C, BAT8, C6orf30 and NG36 as gene synonyms. The paralogue that matters for a swap is EHMT1/GLP, which is a different length and a different accession; no length-discrimination problem was found for this pair.
PDB count rcsb35
PDB noteAn RCSB accession-index query on Q96KQ7 returns 35 entries (2026-09-22); the ten listed are the first ten by identifier. No structure with KMT2A, a KMT2A fusion or any KMT2 complex component.
domain architecture noteSeven ANK repeats (annotated individually at 649-678, 684-713, 717-746, 750-780, 784-813, 817-846 and 850-879; the first and last are listed in `domains` so the span is visible to the 3D viewer without inventing a single merged boundary) followed by Pre-SET, SET and Post-SET. THE ANK REPEATS BIND H3K9me1 AND H3K9me2, so EHMT2 is a WRITER AND A READER of its own mark; the SET domain mediates interaction with WIZ, and the Pre-SET cysteines bind three zinc ions. Consequence for pharmacology: a SET-domain catalytic inhibitor leaves the ANK reader intact and does not phenocopy protein loss.
enzyme classSET-domain histone lysine methyltransferase (KMT1C). Writes H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 in euchromatin; also H3K56me1 in G1 phase, H1.4K26me1/me2, weak H3K27me, and non-histone substrates. Does NOT write H3K9me3.
localizationNUCLEUS and CHROMOSOME. UniProt Q96KQ7 fetched 2026-09-22 carries exactly two location values - Nucleus and Chromosome - both ECO:0000269 and both resting on the SAME single citation, PubMed:11316813 (2001). No cytoplasmic value, no by-similarity value and no localisation note of any kind.
localization evidence codeECO:0000269 on both values, but from one paper, which was not read for this entry (rule 91: the code says a curator saw an experiment, not that this is the founding or best localisation study).
subnuclear localizationNO COMPARTMENT ASSIGNED, recorded as an absence - and the absence is pointed, because G9a's defining activity is the EUCHROMATIC H3K9 methylation, explicitly in contrast to pericentromeric heterochromatin, so a euchromatin-versus-heterochromatin distinction is part of the enzyme's definition and is nonetheless not present in the record as a localisation value. REOPENING CONDITION: EHMT2 immunofluorescence or fractionation in a t(4;11) line scored against chromocentres, which this graph already holds as `localization-chromocentres-pericentromeric-kmt2a-r`.
localization shown for fusionNO - nobody has looked in any fusion. No EHMT2 localisation experiment in a KMT2A-rearranged cell was found. The fusion-adjacent experiments are an H3K9me1/2 occupancy and rearrangement study AT the MLL/KMT2A locus (PMID 37788669, abstract only) and a supplementary survival experiment in MLL-AF9 AML (PMID 24532712); neither reports where the protein is.
epigenetic readoutWRITER AND READER OF THE SAME MARK. Writes H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 in euchromatin - the mark that recruits HP1 proteins and represses transcription - and READS H3K9me1/me2 through its ANK repeats (649-879). Secondary histone activities: H3K56me1 in G1 phase, which promotes the histone-H3/PCNA interaction and regulates DNA replication; H1.4K26me1/me2; weak H3K27me. NON-HISTONE substrates are substantial and include p53/TP53 dimethylation at Lys-373 plus CDYL, WIZ, ACIN1, DNMT1, HDAC1, ERCC6, KLF12 and EHMT2 itself. It does NOT write H3K9me3 - which is the distinction that reconciles this entry with mark-h3k9me3, where the restraining mark is SETDB1/SUV39H1-deposited H3K9me3. THE MARK IS ALSO WHERE THE KMT2A CONNECTION LIVES, and unusually it is at the LOCUS rather than at target genes: H3K9me1/2 balance at the MLL/KMT2A locus, set by KDM3B/G9a crosstalk, controls amplification and rearrangement of that locus, and G9a inhibition suppresses doxorubicin-induced MLL/KMT2A events (PMID 37788669). BOUNDED, queries and translations read back 2026-09-22: H3K9me2[tiab] = 1,546, EHMT2[tiab] AND KMT2A[tiab] = 3 (2 of 3 off topic), G9a[tiab] AND MLL[tiab] = 9, EHMT2[tiab] AND HOXA9[tiab] = 1, EHMT2[tiab] AND leukemia[tiab] = 24, G9a[tiab] AND leukemia[tiab] = 49. No H3K9me2 measurement at a KMT2A::AFF1 target locus exists in any source read here.
epigenetic mark namedH3K9me1 and H3K9me2 (written AND read by this protein), H3K56me1, H1.4K26me1/me2; p53 K373me2 as the non-histone mark. NOT H3K9me3 - see mark-h3k9me3 for that mark and its different writers.
cell typeExpression is on-target for this project in a way that is worth flagging: UniProt records EHMT2 in all tissues examined with HIGH levels in FETAL LIVER, thymus, lymph node, spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes, and a LOWER level in bone marrow - fetal liver being where this graph places the cell of origin (cell-type-fetal-liver-hsc). Functionally, G9a is a selective regulator of fast-proliferating MYELOID PROGENITORS with NO discernible function in haematopoietic stem cells, and G9a-null mice have no overt haematological abnormality (PMID 24532712). Measured leukaemia systems: murine Hoxa9/Meis1 (A9M) AML, murine MN1-induced AML, murine MLL-AF9 AML (supplementary), and primary human AML cells. NO measurement in an infant t(4;11) sample and none in B-lineage. DepMap: 1,258 lines mean -0.2260; lymphoid tissue n = 97 mean -0.2563.
cell statePROLIFERATION RATE is the documented state dependence and it is the therapeutic-window argument: G9a is required by FAST-PROLIFERATING myeloid progenitors and not by quiescent HSCs. DIFFERENTIATION is the readout: both G9a deletion and UNC0638 treatment drive myeloid differentiation of AML cells, which is the same phenotype class as menin-inhibitor and DOT1L-inhibitor response in this disease. CELL CYCLE is a third: H3K56me1 deposition by G9a is G1-phase-specific and couples to PCNA and DNA replication.
shown for fusionPARTIAL, named rather than graded. AT THE KMT2A LOCUS: H3K9me1/2 balance and G9a inhibition shown to control MLL/KMT2A amplification and rearrangement (PMID 37788669, abstract only). IN AN MLL FUSION: G9a deficiency delayed MLL-AF9-induced AML - one SUPPLEMENTARY survival experiment (Supplemental Fig. S5a,b of PMID 24532712), no effect size in the main text. NOTHING in KMT2A::AFF1, nothing in B-lineage, nothing in an infant sample, and no physical contact with KMT2A or any fusion reported anywhere.
absence classliterature-absence-bounded
absence class noteMIGRATED 2026-09-23, mechanically and not by judgement: the class string itself begins 'literature'. The field previously held the whole verdict as free text and that string is preserved here verbatim because it says more than the token can: 'literature - bounded with counts, id sets, querytranslations and controls; and one absence is explicitly UNBOUNDED and labelled (clinical development status).'
domains
ANK 1 (ankyrin repeat)649.0ANK 1 (ankyrin repeat): 649ANK 7 (ankyrin repeat)850.0ANK 7 (ankyrin repeat): 850Pre-SET972.0Pre-SET: 972SET1,038SET: 1038Post-SET1,164Post-SET: 1164
PDB IDS
[
  "2O8J",
  "3DM1",
  "3K5K",
  "3RJW",
  "4NVQ",
  "5JHN",
  "5T0K",
  "6MM1",
  "7BTV",
  "8VV8"
]
domains — the numbers behind the chart
[
  {
    "name": "ANK 1 (ankyrin repeat)",
    "start": 649,
    "end": 678,
    "pfam": null
  },
  {
    "name": "ANK 7 (ankyrin repeat)",
    "start": 850,
    "end": 879,
    "pfam": null
  },
  {
    "name": "Pre-SET",
    "start": 972,
    "end": 1035,
    "pfam": null
  },
  {
    "name": "SET",
    "start": 1038,
    "end": 1155,
    "pfam": null
  },
  {
    "name": "Post-SET",
    "start": 1164,
    "end": 1180,
    "pfam": null
  }
]
complex membership
{
  "obligate_partner": "EHMT1/GLP - heterodimer (PubMed:16702210)",
  "e2f6_com_1": "E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EHMT1, RING1, RNF2, MBLR, L3MBTL2, YAF2 in G0 phase - note RNF2/RING1B and RING1 are PRC1 catalytic components this graph holds entries for",
  "corepressor": "TRIM28 + HDAC1 + HDAC2 + EHMT2 (PubMed:21549307)",
  "rest_route": "CDYL + REST + WIZ + SETDB1 + EHMT1 + EHMT2; the REST interaction requires CDYL (PubMed:19061646)",
  "note": "No EHMT2-containing complex has been reported to include KMT2A, a KMT2A fusion or menin."
}
depmap
{
  "source": "DepMap CRISPR (Chronos) via Open Targets Platform GraphQL, fetched 2026-09-22",
  "release": "NOT STATED BY THE API - unverified (rule 83)",
  "is_essential": false,
  "n_screens": 1258,
  "mean_gene_effect": -0.226,
  "fraction_lines_depleted_below_minus_0_5": 0.075,
  "lymphoid_tissue": {
    "n_lines": 97,
    "mean_gene_effect": -0.2563
  }
}
depmap kmt2a selectivity
{
  "chronos_mean_kmt2a_rearranged": -0.277,
  "chronos_mean_other_leukaemia": -0.268,
  "difference": -0.009,
  "pan_essentiality_all_lines": -0.2278,
  "selectivity_rank": 7974,
  "rank_denominator": 17728,
  "percentile": 44.98,
  "direction": "NO DIFFERENCE. A 0.009 Chronos-unit gap at the 45th percentile is the middle of the distribution and is recorded only so the rank is never quoted as a signal.",
  "partner_and_cofactor_controls": "EHMT1/GLP, the obligate heterodimer partner: mean -0.129 all lines, KMT2A-rearranged -0.26 against -0.1621, rank 1,189. CDYL, required for the REST interaction: mean -0.0911, rank 4,136. KDM3B, the demethylase on the other side of the locus crosstalk: mean +0.0226, rank 9,382 - not a dependency in any arm.",
  "provenance": "Joined 2026-09-22 from analyses/depmap-kmt2a-selective-scan-full (generated 2026-09-19T10:12:06Z), 11 KMT2A-rearranged and 43 other leukaemia lines; the scan records NO DepMap release (rule 83)."
}
chemical probes
{
  "tool_compound": "UNC0638, a G9a/GLP inhibitor, with an on-target control in the leukaemia literature: it inhibits growth of G9a-heterozygous but NOT G9a-null A9M AML cells (PMID 24532712)",
  "second_probe": "UNC0642 appears with the gene in the literature (EHMT2[tiab] AND UNC0642[tiab] = 19, G9a[tiab] AND UNC0642[tiab] = 43, 2026-09-22)",
  "clinical": "NONE identified in this entry - no G9a-selective agent was found in a clinical trial, and no ClinicalTrials.gov search was run for this gene, so that is an unbounded statement and is marked as such rather than asserted.",
  "selectivity_confound": "UNC0638 lowers H3K9me2 AND H3K9me3 (as `mark-h3k9me3` records), so no UNC0638 experiment can separate the G9a/H3K9me2 direction from the SETDB1/H3K9me3 direction, and those two point opposite ways in MLL-fusion AML.",
  "modality_gap": "The ANK repeats read H3K9me1/2 independently of catalysis, so a SET-domain inhibitor is not equivalent to protein loss - the catalytic-versus-degrader distinction this graph has already written as a dedicated experiment for another chromatin enzyme applies here and has never been tested for G9a in this disease."
}
reached for by
[
  "gene-med19 - MED19 and MED26 are the two Mediator subunits REST uses to deliver G9a-dependent H3K9me2 silencing (PMID 19049968); its reopening condition is H3K9me2 and G9a occupancy at KMT2A::AFF1 targets under MED19 depletion",
  "mark-h3k9me3 - lists EHMT2/G9a as a writer with 'no gene entry' and uses UNC0638 as a SETDB1 proxy, and carries the bite_back that H3K9 methyltransferase inhibitors may worsen this disease"
]
How this could bite us back
  • The direction is contested inside this graph: `mark-h3k9me3` argues that H3K9 methylation RESTRAINS the MLL-fusion programme, so an H3K9 methyltransferase inhibitor is a candidate for making a KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia worse. This entry's downstream evidence points the other way. Anyone proposing a G9a inhibitor here must first establish which mark their agent lowers, because UNC0638 lowers both.
  • Tool-compound ambiguity is the practical form of that risk: UNC0638 and UNC0642 inhibit G9a and GLP together, and UNC0638 reduces H3K9me2 AND H3K9me3, so no published experiment with these compounds separates the two hypotheses.
  • A catalytic inhibitor is not protein loss: the ANK repeats bind H3K9me1/2 independently of the SET domain, so G9a can continue to act as a reader and scaffold under full catalytic inhibition. Every G9a inhibitor result is therefore a statement about methyltransferase activity only, and the genetic deletions this entry rests on removed both functions.
  • The upstream and downstream rationales are at different times in the disease and must not be combined: G9a inhibition suppressing KMT2A rearrangement is a PREVENTION argument in a therapy-exposed cell, and G9a loss delaying AML is a TREATMENT argument in an established leukaemia. One agent cannot inherit both without an experiment in each setting.
  • Essential-function toxicity is low but the therapeutic effect is modest: G9a is not a DepMap dependency in any arm (mean -0.2260), the survival gain in the best genetic experiment was 44 days against 23.5 days in mice that still died, and the normal-tissue argument rests on mice with no overt haematological abnormality rather than on any human safety data.
  • Fetal-liver-high expression cuts both ways: it makes G9a attractive as a lever in the cell of origin, and it makes an infant the worst population in which to inhibit it, because the tissue where the enzyme is most expressed is the one an infant has most recently been using.
  • Compensation: EHMT1/GLP is an obligate heterodimer partner with its own catalytic SET domain and is itself a non-dependency, which is the classic signature of a redundant pair - and SETDB1 and SUV39H1/2 write the neighbouring H3K9me3, so the residue can stay methylated after G9a is removed.
Still open
  1. Does the KDM3B/G9a H3K9me1/2 balance at the KMT2A locus operate in FETAL haematopoietic cells, where this disease's break actually happens? The published model is doxorubicin-driven therapy-induced rearrangement in cultured cells and mice; the index disease is de novo infant t(4;11) with an in-utero origin and no anthracycline exposure.
  2. Is CTCF occupancy at the KMT2A breakpoint cluster region measured anywhere in this graph? The locus paper makes CTCF loss sufficient to produce focal rearrangement, and this project's break model is built on topoisomerase II, replication stress and nuclease cleavage with no CTCF layer at all.
  3. Would G9a inhibition during anthracycline exposure reduce therapy-induced KMT2A rearrangement in a model of secondary leukaemia? That is a prophylactic hypothesis, which this graph has almost none of, and it has a named drug pair (doxorubicin plus a G9a inhibitor).
  4. Does G9a support HOXA9-dependent transcription in a KMT2A::AFF1 B-lineage cell as it does in murine myeloid Hoxa9/Meis1 AML? Everything downstream here is myeloid and murine, and the one MLL-AF9 arm is a supplementary survival curve.
  5. Can the G9a and SETDB1 directions be separated experimentally? Both are H3K9 methyltransferases with opposite predicted effects in this disease and the available tool compound hits both marks; a selective-degron or catalytic-dead comparison, mark-resolved by mass spectrometry rather than antibody, is the experiment.
  6. Does the ANK reader module matter? A SET-domain inhibitor leaves it intact, so a degrader and an inhibitor should give different answers - and if they do, every published G9a inhibitor result in leukaemia is a statement about catalysis only.
Every source behind this entry (6)
  1. E1established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.database

    EHMT2/G9a (Q96KQ7, 1,210 aa) mono- and dimethylates histone H3 Lys-9 in EUCHROMATIN, also monomethylates H3K56 in G1 phase and mono/dimethylates histone H1.4 Lys-26, weakly methylates H3K27, and methylates non-histone substrates including p53/TP53 at Lys-373; it heterodimerises with EHMT1/GLP, its ANK repeats BIND H3K9me1 and H3K9me2, it interacts with REST only in the presence of CDYL within a complex containing CDYL, REST, WIZ, SETDB1, EHMT1 and EHMT2, it is located in Nucleus and on Chromosome, and it is expressed in all tissues examined with HIGH levels in fetal liver, thymus, lymph node, spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes and LOWER level in bone marrow.

    What this evidence cannot show

    A database record, not a measurement. The localisation half is thin in the same way PRMT6's is: both location values, Nucleus and Chromosome, rest on ONE 2001 citation (PubMed:11316813), which was not read for this entry - rule 91 applies. The tissue-specificity statement is an mRNA/protein expression survey with no method or cohort stated in the record, so 'high in fetal liver' is a database assertion and not a measurement this entry can characterise. Note that G9a is NOT annotated as an H3K9me3 writer anywhere in this record, which matters for reading it against mark-h3k9me3.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • The record's own architecture undercuts a simple writer reading, in a way that complicates any inhibitor argument: the ANK repeats at 649-879 BIND H3K9me1 and H3K9me2, so G9a reads the mark it writes and the protein is a self-reinforcing module rather than a one-way enzyme. A SET-domain catalytic inhibitor such as UNC0638 leaves the ANK reader intact, so it does not phenocopy protein loss - and in this graph that distinction has already mattered once, where a catalytic-dead versus degrader test was written as a dedicated experiment for a different chromatin enzyme. UniProt Consortium 2026
  2. E2strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.paper

    Histone H3 Lys-9 mono- and dimethylation balance at the MLL/KMT2A locus regulates amplification and rearrangement of that locus, and is controlled by crosstalk between the demethylase KDM3B and the methyltransferase G9a/EHMT2: KDM3B depletion increases H3K9me1/2 and reduces CTCF occupancy at the locus and promotes amplification and rearrangement, depleting CTCF alone is sufficient to generate the same focal alterations, doxorubicin suppresses KDM3B and CTCF protein levels while KDM3B or CTCF overexpression rescues doxorubicin-induced MLL/KMT2A alterations, and G9a inhibition in human cells or in mice suppresses the MLL/KMT2A events accompanying doxorubicin treatment.

    Epigenetic balance ensures mechanistic control of MLL amplification and rearrangement. · Gray ZH, Chakraborty D, Duttweiler RR, Alekbaeva GD, Murphy SE, Chetal K, Ji F, Ferman BI, Honer MA, Wang Z, Myers C, Sun R, Kaniskan HU, Toma MM, Bondarenko EA, Santoro JN, Miranda C, Dillingham ME, Tang R, Gozani O, Jin J, Skorski T, Duy C, Lee H, Sadreyev RI, Whetstine JR · Cell 2023
    What this evidence cannot show

    Abstract read in full 2026-09-22; the full text was NOT read, so the cell systems, the specific G9a inhibitor used, the assay that scored 'rearrangement', and the size of each effect are not characterised here and must be read from the paper before any of this is built on. The readout is locus amplification and rearrangement in cell and mouse systems, not incidence of leukaemia and not an infant cohort - so this is a mechanism for how the initiating lesion arises, not evidence about any patient. It is also a therapy-induced-leukaemia model (doxorubicin), and this graph's index disease is de novo infant t(4;11) with an in-utero origin, where no anthracycline exposure precedes the break.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • The direction of this result is opposite to the downstream one and the two must not be merged into a single 'G9a is bad' claim. Here MORE H3K9me1/2 at the locus goes with MORE rearrangement and G9a INHIBITION suppresses the events; in established AML, G9a LOSS delays disease and forces differentiation. A single agent cannot be given both a prophylactic and a therapeutic rationale from these two papers, because they act at different times on different cells - one before the fusion exists, one after - and this graph's own `mech-kmt2a-loss-pattern-restraint-or-not` exists precisely to keep initiation and maintenance arguments apart. Lehnertz B et al. 2014
  3. E3strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.paper

    G9a/EHMT2 is a selective regulator of fast-proliferating myeloid progenitors with no discernible function in haematopoietic stem cells: G9a-null mice are born at normal frequency with no overt haematological abnormality, while G9a deletion in secondary recipients of Hoxa9/Meis1 AML dropped circulating leukaemic cells by day 12 and raised median survival from 23.5 to 44 days, G9a deficiency similarly delayed MN1-induced and MLL-AF9-induced AML, ectopic wild-type G9a accelerated AML in vivo, the G9a/GLP inhibitor UNC0638 inhibited growth of G9a-heterozygous but not G9a-null AML cells, both G9a deletion and UNC0638 drove myeloid differentiation, and primary human AML cells were sensitive to G9a inhibition.

    The methyltransferase G9a regulates HoxA9-dependent transcription in AML. · Lehnertz B, Pabst C, Su L, Miller M, Liu F, Yi L, Zhang R, Krosl J, Yung E, Kirschner J, Rosten P, Underhill TM, Jin J, Hebert J, Sauvageau G, Humphries RK, Rossi FM · Genes and Development 2014
    What this evidence cannot show

    The primary system is MURINE MYELOID leukaemia driven by Hoxa9/Meis1 co-transduction (A9M), not a KMT2A fusion and not B-lineage. The MLL-AF9 arm exists but is in Supplemental Fig. S5a,b - one supplementary panel, described in the text as 'similarly delayed', with no separate effect size given in the main text - so 'shown in MLL-AF9' here means one supplementary survival experiment, not a characterised result. There is no MLL-AF4 or t(4;11) arm and no B-lineage arm anywhere in the paper. Full text read via Europe PMC PMC3937511 on 2026-09-22 for these details.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • This graph's own H3K9 entry argues the opposite therapeutic direction and names the same compound. `mark-h3k9me3` records that H3K9 methylation RESTRAINS the MLL-fusion programme - SETDB1 overexpression in mouse MLL-AF9 cells silences a gene set whose promoters are H3K9-hypomethylated in AML patient samples - and that UNC0638 lowers H3K9me2 AND H3K9me3 together, so it concludes that a G9a or SETDB1 inhibitor is a candidate for making a KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia worse. The two positions concern different marks (me1/2 versus me3) written by different enzymes, but they cannot both be tested with UNC0638, and any UNC0638 result in this disease is therefore directionally ambiguous. Oncofusion Knowledge Graph 2026
  4. E4strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database

    EHMT2 is NOT essential in DepMap CRISPR (Chronos): mean gene effect -0.2260 across 1,258 screened lines with 7.5% of lines depleted below -0.5, and a lymphoid-tissue mean of -0.2563 over 97 lines; its heterodimer partner EHMT1 is likewise not a dependency in this project's KMT2A scan (mean -0.129 across all lines, rank 1,189).

    What this evidence cannot show

    Rule 83: the API does not state the DepMap release, so only the fetch date is on record, and 1,258 is EHMT2's own screen count. In this project's own KMT2A scan the KMT2A-rearranged arm is -0.277 against -0.268 in other leukaemia lines - a difference of -0.009 Chronos units at rank 7,974 of 17,728, which is noise and is recorded only so that the rank is never quoted as selectivity. A pooled viability screen is also the wrong assay for an enzyme whose published phenotype is a differentiation shift rather than death, and EHMT1/GLP is an obligate heterodimer partner, so single-gene knockouts of either may be buffered by the other.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • The genetic experiments say the opposite of the screen, and they say it in the system that matters. G9a deletion in established Hoxa9/Meis1 AML nearly doubled median survival (44 d against 23.5 d) and forced myeloid differentiation, and ectopic wild-type G9a ACCELERATED disease - none of which a pan-cancer pooled dropout screen scoring -0.23 would predict. Where a 1,258-line average and a lineage-matched conditional knockout disagree, the knockout is the measurement about this disease and the average is a prior. Lehnertz B et al. 2014
  5. E5strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database

    The G9a experiment in an MLL fusion is unreachable by any MLL or KMT2A query: EHMT2[tiab] = 401 and G9a[tiab] = 1,190, EHMT2[tiab] AND KMT2A[tiab] = 3 (37788669 plus two unrelated records, a mangrove-rivulus Kdm/Kmt gene-family survey and a nucleoporin imprinting paper), G9a[tiab] AND MLL[tiab] = 9 and EHMT2[tiab] AND MLL[tiab] = 3 - and PMID 24532712, whose supplementary figure carries the MLL-AF9 survival experiment, appears in NONE of those lists; it is reachable as EHMT2[tiab] AND HOXA9[tiab] = 1.

    What this evidence cannot show

    Titles and abstracts only. The two query tokens are not interchangeable and both are needed: G9a[tiab] returns 1,190 records against EHMT2[tiab] at 401, and the MLL intersection is 9 for the alias against 3 for the approved symbol, so here the RETIRED/common name is the better operand - the same shape as registry row 122 (ELP1/IKBKAP), where the approved symbol won on raw count but 40.6% of the literature was reachable only through the retired one. Compare id sets, not counts: the EHMT2 AND KMT2A set of 3 is 2/3 off-topic.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • Widening the name list does not fix this one, which is the point of rule 80 rather than rule 71. The MLL-AF9 result for G9a is in Supplemental Fig. S5 and is mentioned in the body text as one clause; no synonym of MLL, KMT2A or any fusion name appears in that paper's title or abstract, so no abstract-level query of any spelling can reach it. Only opening the paper, or a full-text index, finds it - and the beat that reached it here did so through HOXA9, a gene name that has nothing to do with the query it was answering. Lehnertz B et al. 2014
  6. E6moderate confidence 3 of 5: One strong study, or several smaller consistent ones.database

    The REST-to-G9a silencing route that this graph found from the Mediator end has a third required component: EHMT2 interacts with REST ONLY in the presence of CDYL, and a complex exists containing at least CDYL, REST, WIZ, SETDB1, EHMT1 and EHMT2, with transcriptional repression by REST-CDYL via recruitment of EHMT2 described as potentially important in transformation suppression.

    What this evidence cannot show

    This is a UniProt curation of PMID 19061646, and that paper was NOT retrieved for this entry, so the CDYL requirement is recorded at database strength only - rule 91 applies and the primary paper should be read before the condition is built on. Note also that UniProt spells the fifth member 'SETB1', which is almost certainly SETDB1; that reading is an inference from context and not a database value. The system in the underlying literature is neuronal-gene silencing in non-neuronal cells, not leukaemia, and the KMT2A-fusion relevance of this complex is zero at present.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • The Mediator-subunit route this graph records may not be the one that carries G9a. `gene-med19` itself notes that Mediator's contribution to REST silencing has also been placed on MED12 rather than on MED19/MED26, in work from the same laboratory - so which subunit carries the G9a route is contested inside one group's own output, and the CDYL requirement adds a second component that neither Mediator paper includes. A route with a contested adaptor and an undocumented cofactor requirement is not yet a route. Oncofusion Knowledge Graph 2026
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