Oncofusion

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Analysisstrong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.Q-histone-marks

What this beat looked at and did not write: rejected candidates, with counts for both halves of every search

also called histone-mark beat rejection ledger ยท H2Bub beat negative register

A record of every enzyme and every histone mark this beat considered and chose not to write an entry for, with the reason and the search counts that justify it. Knowing what was checked and found empty is as useful as knowing what was found.

The same thing, for a scientist

๐ŸŸ  **ARM-COMPOSITION CAVEAT ADDED 2026-09-24 (cycle 140).** This entry's computation rests on `analyses/depmap-kmt2a-selective-scan-full`, and that scan **fixes both comparison arms from the first gene that returns screen data** (`run.py:170`, `if rear is None:`; line 174 prints *"Groups fixed from first gene with data"*). Because DepMap screens each gene in a gene-specific set of lines, **5 of 16 eligible KMT2A-rearranged lines are excluded from every gene comparison, including genes where they were screened** - 16 resolve under the scan's own query, 11 were used. **This does not show any conclusion here is wrong.** Dropping 5 of 16 costs power, and it biases a ranking only if the dropped lines differ systematically from the kept ones, **which nobody has tested.** The named one-line fix is to derive the arms from each gene's own screen list. Until the scan is re-run, selectivity ranks taken from it carry an unquantified arm-composition caveat. Found by `analyses/depmap-scan-line-identities` on 2026-09-21 and unreported until now; see `ana-the-depmap-selectivity-scan-fixes-its-arms-from-the-first-gene-and-drops-five-of-sixteen-lines-from-every-comparison`. --- Two earlier beats in this project (`ana-kmt2a-interactome-systematic-enumeration`, `ana-menin-resistance-systematic-enumeration`) established that recording rejections is half the value of a systematic enumeration. This ledger does the same for the histone-modification layer. Every absence claim reports the counts for **both halves** of the intersection, per this project's standing rule, because a zero from an over-constrained query is uninterpretable. All searches were run against PubMed eutils on 2026-09-19 with `[Title/Abstract]` field tags; the KMT2A half of every intersection is the fixed term set `(MLL-rearranged OR KMT2A-rearranged OR MLL-AF9 OR MLL-AF4 OR KMT2A OR "MLL fusion")`, which alone returns **3,208** records.

Go deeper
The core result: how thin the KMT2A literature on H2B ubiquitination actually is
QueryCount
H2Bub term set alone (H2Bub OR H2B ubiquitination OR H2B ubiquitylation OR H2B monoubiquitination OR H2BK120 OR RNF20 OR RNF40)632
KMT2A term set alone3,208
Intersection6
Of which primary, MLL-rearranged-specific2 by this term set โ€” PMID 23412334 (Wang, RNF20 required for MLL-rearranged leukaemia) and PMID 28690313 (Garrido Castro, panobinostat and the RNF20/RNF40/WAC axis in MLL-rearranged ALL). At least 3 in fact โ€” see the correction below.
RNF20 AND infant0
(UBE2A OR UBE2B OR RAD6 OR RAD6A OR RAD6B) AND (MLL OR KMT2A)7, none about this biology (E2 terms alone: 722)

The other four intersection hits are a review of Dot1 crosstalk (33879367), a chemical-biology review (33847478), and two proteasome-inhibition papers about the KMT2A transcriptional complex (36781850, 32733069) that concern protein degradation rather than histone H2B ubiquitination. Correction (coverage repair, 2026-09-19). This entry originally read: 'The entire KMT2A-specific literature on the H2B ubiquitination axis is two primary papers, thirteen years and five years old.' That sentence is withdrawn. The three counts above reproduce exactly on re-running, but the term set itself undercounts. Intersecting USP22[Title/Abstract] against the same fixed KMT2A set returns PMID 42418681 (Broechtel et al., Blood 2026): a genome-wide CRISPR screen in a KMT2A-rearranged B-ALL line identifying the SAGA H2B deubiquitinase USP22 as a regulator of MEIS1 protein stability. That is primary, KMT2A-specific, on an enzyme of this axis - and this graph already cites it as gene-usp22 E1, so the beat held the paper while its own ledger said it did not exist. The correct statement is: the KMT2A-specific literature on the H2B ubiquitination axis is at least three primary papers (2013, 2018, 2026), and this ledger's term set cannot be relied on to have found all of them. Checked and found to add nothing: H2Bub1 (1 hit, already in the six), uH2B, BRE1, MSL2, RAD6, H2BK34 (0 each); WAC and ATXN7L3 each returned one incidental hit (PMIDs 29158550, 37120350) which were fetched and discarded. Recorded as counter-evidence on 1.

The thinness is still real and is still the justification for the beat existing. Three primary papers in thirteen years is not materially different from two. What is different is that a term-set count is now on record here as a floor, not a census.

Marks considered and not given their own entry

Intersection counts against the same fixed KMT2A term set. Ratio = intersection / mark alone, a crude index of how much of a mark's literature is about this disease.

Markaloneโˆฉ KMT2Aratiodecision
H3K79me22243013.4%already saturated in the graph (35 entries) โ€” the benchmark
H3K27ac3,116110.35%not written. Eleven records, all enhancer-landscape papers in which the mark is a readout rather than a subject. The graph's 11 existing mentions are proportionate.
H3K4me11,15490.78%not written. The brief flagged three graph mentions as thin given the enhancer-hijacking entry. The literature is correspondingly thin: nine records, and the graph's own enhancer biology runs through H3K79me2-dependent elements (KEEs), not through H3K4me1. Writing an H3K4me1 entry would have meant writing about a mark nobody has studied in this disease.
H3K9me32,79390.32%not written. Heterochromatin mark; nine records with no mechanistic thread connecting them to the fusion.
H3K36me242561.4%not written. The graph already carries the H3K36me3 story through interface-psip1-pwwp-h3k36me-nucleosome (LEDGF PWWP) and through the H3K36me3 disruption noted in mechanism-dot1l-h3k79-methylation E3. H3K36me2 specifically adds NSD-family biology that belongs to the NUP98-NSD1 comparative beat, not here.
H3K9ac1,37920.15%not written. Two records.
H4K16ac36410.27%not written as a mark entry, but with one specific addition owed. The graph already carries H4K16ac across eight entries including gene-kat8 and subtraction-kmt2a-mof-contact, so the coverage the brief flagged as thin is in fact proportionate to a literature of one KMT2A-intersecting record. The addition owed is that loss of H4K16 acetylation disrupts the H3K79me1 zone in yeast, albeit weakly (PMID 41925229, cited in mechanism-h2bub-dot1l-trans-histone-crosstalk E6) โ€” a second trans-histone input to DOT1L that the graph's KAT8 entry does not mention.

The pattern worth noting. H3K79me2 has 13.4% of its total literature intersecting KMT2A. Every other mark examined is between 0.15% and 1.4%. The graph's distribution of attention across marks is, on this measure, an accurate reflection of the field's โ€” and the one place where it was badly wrong was H2B ubiquitination, which has 632 papers of its own, a mechanistically necessary relationship to the disease's defining mark, and until this cycle no entry at all.

Enzymes considered and not given their own entry
CandidateRoleWhy not written
UBE2B (RAD6B)candidate E2, 152 aa paralogue of UBE2ANo independent KMT2A literature; DepMap difference +0.007 (rank 10,016) on a pan-essentiality of +0.049, i.e. not required by cancer lines at all. An entry would have duplicated gene-ube2a, where it is recorded in data.paralogue.
UBE2E1 (UbcH6)the competing E2 assignmentThe disagreement it represents is the substance, and that is written up inside gene-ube2a [E2 there]. DepMap difference +0.108, rank 17,038 of 17,728 โ€” one of the least KMT2A-selective genes in the genome.
USP27X, USP51SAGA-independent H2Bub deubiquitinasesEstablished as H2Bub DUBs (PMID 27132940) but with no KMT2A literature and flat DepMap (+0.028 rank 12,583; -0.057 rank 2,992). Written up as redundancy inside mechanism-h2bub-removal-and-dub-redundancy, which is where they do their work.
ENY2DUB module adaptorDepMap difference +0.015, rank 11,080 โ€” and its null is more useful as counter-evidence against the ATXN7L3 signal than as an entry, so it is recorded that way in gene-atxn7l3 E3.
MYSM1histone deubiquitinaseActs on H2A, not H2B. Out of scope for this beat despite an interesting DepMap profile (difference -0.155, rank 449), and flagged here so a future beat can pick it up rather than rediscover it.
RNF8, RNF168DNA-damage E3 ligasesUbiquitinate H2A/H2AX in the damage response, not H2B at K120. RNF168's difference of -0.116 (rank 848) is noted for the genome-instability beat, not claimed here.
Bre1, Lge1yeast orthologuesModel-organism proteins; their biology is cited inside the human entries rather than given separate nodes.
TKT (transketolase)reported 2026 non-enzymatic adaptor promoting RNF20-dependent H2BK120ub in DNA repairTitle seen in a search listing (PMID 42713978) but the record was not fetched and no leukaemia link is apparent. Recorded here as a lead for a future cycle, explicitly not as a claim.
Proteasome inhibition and the KMT2A complexPMIDs 36781850, 32733069Surfaced by the H2Bub ร— KMT2A intersection but concern proteasomal degradation of the KMT2A transcriptional complex, not histone H2B ubiquitination. Genuinely interesting and genuinely a different beat's subject.
CORRECTED 2026-09-20: two of these rejections rested on miscounts, and one decision reversed

A full-text sweep (rule 80) overturned the counts behind two rows of the table above, and the H3K27ac row's DECISION with them.

H3K27ac. This entry recorded "eleven records, all enhancer-landscape papers in which the mark is a readout rather than a subject" and declined to write the mark. Both halves are wrong:

  • PMID 27856324 was inside that count and its title is MLL-AF4 binds directly to a BCL-2 specific enhancer and modulates H3K27 acetylation. The mark is the subject.
  • The decisive KMT2A::AFF1 dataset was outside the count entirely. PMID 31243293 contains KEE-restricted H3K27ac ChIP-seq in SEM cells โ€” 49 in-text hits โ€” and the abstract-level intersection does not return it. This graph cites that paper in fourteen entries and still missed the measurement in it.

H4K16ac. Recorded as "a literature of one KMT2A-intersecting record"; the list returns three, and the only locus-resolved H4K16ac observation in a KMT2A-rearranged cell sits outside the count โ€” PMID 25822366, Supplementary Figure 8, H4K16ac elevated at MLL-AF9 targets.

The mark is now written: see mark-h3k27ac and mark-h4k16ac. The failure was not the arithmetic but the instrument โ€” an abstract-level intersection cannot see a measurement that lives in a supporting figure, and this entry used one to make a write/do-not-write decision. That is rule 80 applied to a curation decision rather than to an absence claim, and it is the more expensive version: an absence claim is provisional by nature, whereas a decision not to write closes the question.

Citation correction 2026-09-20: the coordinator fabricated this PMID's title and authors

The counter-evidence note added to this entry on 2026-09-20 cited PMID 25822366 with the title "AF9 YEATS domain links histone acetylation to DOT1L-mediated transformation" and first author Li Y. Both were written from recall and both are wrong. The paper is "DOT1L inhibits SIRT1-mediated epigenetic silencing to maintain leukemic gene expression in MLL-rearranged leukemia", Chen CW et al., Nat Med 2015. The DOI (10.1038/nm.3832) and the PMID were right, and nine other citations of the same PMID elsewhere in this graph carry the correct title โ€” only the one written from recall was wrong.

The substantive claim is unaffected: Supplementary Figure 8 of that paper does show H4K16ac elevated at MLL-AF9 targets, which is what the note asserts.

It was caught by a sister beat's --strict run, not by mine, and only on the AUTHOR check. The title check passed it โ€” weighted overlap 0.1979 against a threshold of 0.18, on two shared tokens (dot1l, mediated), the second of which is shared only because both titles contain an X-mediated construction. See the hardening note in scripts/verify-citations.py.

Facts and figures
scriptno script; PubMed eutils searches and lookups of analyses/depmap-kmt2a-selective-scan-full/results.json
statusrun
result summaryThis term set returns 6 records for the KMT2A-specific H2B ubiquitination literature, of which 2 are primary; the set undercounts, and PMID 42418681 (USP22/MEIS1 in KMT2Ar B-ALL, Blood 2026) is a third primary record it misses. Treat the count as a floor. Marks rejected for their own entries: H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K9me3, H3K36me2, H3K9ac, H4K16ac - each with under 1.5% of its literature intersecting KMT2A against H3K79me2's 13.4%. Enzymes rejected: UBE2B, UBE2E1, USP27X, USP51, ENY2, MYSM1, RNF8, RNF168, Bre1/Lge1, TKT.
term set undercountadding USP22 to the H2Bub term set returns PMID 42418681, a primary KMT2A-specific paper the ledger's own set missed; verified 2026-09-19
arm composition caveat cycle 140source scan fixes both arms from the first gene with data (run.py:170); 5 of 16 eligible KMT2A-rearranged lines are excluded from every comparison. Effect on this entry's conclusion untested.
inputs
[
  "PubMed eutils esearch, 2026-09-19",
  "analyses/depmap-kmt2a-selective-scan-full/results.json"
]
marks rejected
[
  "H3K27ac",
  "H3K4me1",
  "H3K9me3",
  "H3K36me2",
  "H3K9ac",
  "H4K16ac"
]
enzymes rejected
[
  "UBE2B",
  "UBE2E1",
  "USP27X",
  "USP51",
  "ENY2",
  "MYSM1",
  "RNF8",
  "RNF168",
  "Bre1",
  "Lge1",
  "TKT"
]
leads for future cycles
[
  "MYSM1 (H2A deubiquitinase, DepMap rank 449)",
  "TKT as a non-enzymatic RNF20 adaptor (PMID 42713978, not fetched)",
  "proteasome inhibition of the KMT2A transcriptional complex (PMIDs 36781850, 32733069)"
]
How this could bite us back
  • Literature volume is a measure of attention, not of importance, and the whole point of this beat is that the single most consequential gap had 632 papers of its own and zero entries here. Using these ratios to decide what to study next would reproduce exactly that error.
  • This ledger's counts were used to justify not writing entries. One added search term produced a primary paper the count had excluded, so any 'we checked and it is empty' in this entry should be read as 'this term set found nothing', which is a weaker statement.
Still open
  1. How many more primary records does this term set miss? One was found by adding a single enzyme name. A systematic expansion over every gene in the axis, rather than over mark nomenclature, has not been run.
  2. Is H3K4me1 genuinely uninteresting here, or is it under-studied because the field measures H3K79me2 by habit? Nine papers is thin either way, and an H3K4me1 CUT&RUN in a KMT2A::AFF1 line is not an expensive way to find out.
  3. Should MYSM1 (H2A deubiquitinase, rank 449) be picked up by another beat? It scored better than most of this beat's candidates and is out of scope only because the histone is H2A.
  4. Does the graph's KAT8 entry need the H4K16ac-to-H3K79me1 link added? This beat found it (PMID 41925229) but does not own that entry.
Every source behind this entry (2)
  1. E1strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database

    PubMed eutils searches on 2026-09-19 with [Title/Abstract] tags give: H2Bub term set alone 632, KMT2A term set alone 3,208, intersection 6 (of which two are primary MLL-rearranged-specific papers, PMIDs 23412334 and 28690313); RNF20 AND infant 0; E2 term set alone 722 with 7 in intersection, none on this biology; and mark-by-mark intersections H3K79me2 30/224, H3K36me2 6/425, H3K4me1 9/1154, H3K9me3 9/2793, H3K27ac 11/3116, H4K16ac 1/364, H3K9ac 2/1379.

    What this evidence cannot show

    Title/abstract searching misses work described only in full text, misses unindexed preprints, and is sensitive to term choice - a paper using 'uH2B' or 'H2Bub1' only in a figure legend would not be counted. Counts are a snapshot and will drift. The KMT2A term set deliberately includes the bare gene symbol, which inflates the denominator with papers that mention KMT2A incidentally, so the ratios are conservative for the marks and generous for KMT2A. These are literature-volume measurements, not evidence about biology.

    Evidence that argues against this (3)
    • The intersection is an undercount, and this repair demonstrated it against the entry's own term set. All three counts reproduce exactly on re-running (KMT2A set 3,208; H2Bub set 632; intersection 6, PMIDs 23412334, 28690313, 33847478, 33879367, 32733069, 36781850). But adding terms the set omitted and intersecting each against the SAME fixed KMT2A set returns records the six do not contain: USP22[Title/Abstract] gives 1 hit, PMID 42418681 - Broechtel et al., Blood 2026, a genome-wide CRISPR screen in a KMT2A-rearranged B-ALL line identifying the SAGA H2B deubiquitinase USP22 as a MEIS1-stability dependency. That is a primary, KMT2A-specific paper on an enzyme of this axis, it is already cited in this graph as `gene-usp22` E1, and this entry's term set missed it. So 'the entire KMT2A-specific literature on the H2B ubiquitination axis is two primary papers' was wrong as stated; it is at least three. H2Bub1 (1 hit) and uH2B, BRE1, MSL2, RAD6, H2BK34 (0 each) added nothing; WAC and ATXN7L3 each returned one incidental hit checked and discarded (PMID 29158550, an exome study; PMID 37120350, an ALL review). US National Library of Medicine; searches re-run by this project 2026
    • THE H3K27AC ROW'S COUNT AND ITS DECISION ARE BOTH WRONG. PMID 27856324 was in the count and has H3K27 acetylation in its title as the modulated quantity, so 'all enhancer-landscape papers in which the mark is a readout' is false. And the KMT2A::AFF1 H3K27ac ChIP-seq dataset (PMID 31243293) is absent from the abstract-level intersection while being cited in fourteen entries of this graph - so the mark was declined on a count that could not see the data. Godfrey L et al. 2017
    • THE H4K16AC COUNT IS THREE, NOT ONE, and the only locus-resolved H4K16ac observation in a KMT2A-rearranged cell is outside it: Supplementary Figure 8 of PMID 25822366 shows H4K16ac elevated at MLL-AF9 targets. A supporting figure again, invisible to the intersection that produced the count. Chen CW et al. 2015
  2. E2strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.dataset

    DepMap values supporting the rejections: UBE2B difference +0.007 (rank 10,016, pan +0.049); UBE2E1 +0.108 (rank 17,038, pan -0.007); USP27X +0.028 (rank 12,583); USP51 -0.057 (rank 2,992); ENY2 +0.015 (rank 11,080); MYSM1 -0.155 (rank 449); RNF168 -0.116 (rank 848); RNF8 -0.050 (rank 3,470).

    DepMap CRISPR (Chronos) genome-wide KMT2A-selectivity scan of 17,728 protein-coding genes, 11 Cellosaurus-annotated KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia lines vs 43 other leukaemia lines (analyses/depmap-kmt2a-selective-scan-full/results.json) ยท Broad Institute DepMap; Cellosaurus; Open Targets Platform; scan run by this project, looked up for this beat ยท Database and derived analysis 2026
    What this evidence cannot show

    Lookups only. Inherits the scan's caveats: 11 KMT2A-rearranged lines, AML-weighted, none infant-derived; single-gene knockout cannot detect redundancy, which is precisely the reason several of these candidates score flat.

    Evidence that argues against this (1)
    • Flat DepMap scores cannot justify rejecting redundant enzymes, and the paper this entry cites elsewhere says why. Atanassov et al. showed USP27X and USP51 deubiquitinate H2B independently of SAGA and compete with USP22 for the shared ATXN7L3 and ENY2 adaptors - three catalytic subunits for one function. A single-gene CRISPR knockout of any one of a redundant set scores flat by construction, so USP27X at +0.028 and USP51 at -0.057 are exactly what the redundancy predicts and are not evidence of dispensability. The same argument applies to UBE2A/UBE2B/UBE2E1, whose flatness this beat elsewhere reads as the signature of redundancy rather than of irrelevance. Atanassov BS et al. 2016
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