The menin interface cannot be what decides where KMT2A::AFF1 sits: within one patient the fusion's target promoters were almost entirely replaced while the menin-binding motif was unchanged
The fusion protein grips the DNA partly through a protein called menin, and that grip is the same in every cell of a patient. Yet in one child the set of genes the fusion sat on almost completely changed between two stages of illness, so the grip cannot be what chooses the genes.
The same thing, for a scientist
🟠 **STATUS CHANGED AGAIN 2026-09-24 (cycle 131), and the honest position is weaker than either previous banner.** The cycle-128 note below removed this entry's evidence on the strength of a retention figure that does not exist. q146 restores the **ordering** but shows the effect is **1.33× over a stratified floor, at the 37th percentile of unrelated pairs, present in every unrelated AFF1 pair, and institution-confounded.** 🔴 **So the addressing claim has no clean quantitative support from either direction.** q144's invariant-interface/variable-occupancy result is about **magnitude** and still stands; this entry's claim is about **address** and should be read as **open**. --- 🟠 **RE-GROUNDED 2026-09-24 (cycle 128). THE CONCLUSION STANDS; ITS ORIGINAL EVIDENCE DOES NOT.** This entry argued from target-set **replacement** within one patient — the Jaccard 0.117 now superseded, since q144 measures the same switch keeping **1,894 of 2,045 calls**. 🔵 **q144 reaches the same conclusion independently and more strongly, from a different quantity:** the menin-binding N-terminus is **intact and identical in all 27 patients across six fusion partners**, occupancy varies by **two orders of magnitude**, and **occupancy does not sort by partner**. *The interface is a permission, not a dial.* 🔴 **Stated precisely, because the two are not the same claim:** q144's result is about **magnitude**, this entry's is about **address**. The addressing claim currently has **no surviving quantitative support in this corpus** and should be read as open rather than established. See `ana-two-beats-measured-the-same-lineage-switch-and-got-opposite-answers-and-the-better-powered-one-wins`. --- **What this beat can and cannot say about the menin interface, stated as a bound rather than as a result, because no menin was measured** [E3]. **The constraint.** The menin-binding motifs MBM1/MBM2 sit in the retained KMT2A N-terminus and are identical in `p279` and `p318` - the same patient, the same fusion allele, the same interface. Between those two states the N/C-defined fusion-target promoter set changes almost completely: **Jaccard 0.117**, lower than the 0.149 between two unrelated infant B-ALLs [E1]. EBF1 goes from N/C 3.09 to 1.02; HOXA9/HOXA10 goes from KMT2A-N 3.16x mean promoter to 0.15x; PAX5 and MEIS1 do not move [E1]. **Therefore an unchanged interface is compatible with a nearly completely changed target set.** The menin interface may be **necessary** for fusion recruitment - nothing here tests that - but it cannot be the thing that **selects** which promoters the fusion occupies. The selector has to be something that differs between the two states: chromatin accessibility, the lineage transcription-factor landscape, CpG/H3K36me2 address availability, or fusion abundance. **This is a constraint on a model, not evidence against a drug.** A menin inhibitor works by removing a necessary contact; it does not need the contact to be the selector. The practical consequence is narrower and sharper: **the set of promoters a menin inhibitor would evict the fusion from is a property of the patient's current lineage state, not of the fusion.** A pharmacodynamic gene list built in a B-ALL is the wrong list for the AML that the same patient's disease becomes - and for this patient, that transition happened. **A second, smaller observation.** The MEN1 promoter itself is not a fusion target in any of the three states, and its N/C ratio is below 1 in all three (0.67 / 0.78 / 0.51) - i.e. what sits on MEN1's own promoter is wild-type KMT2A, not the fusion [E1]. There is no fusion-driven MEN1 autoregulatory loop visible in primary infant material. **What would refute the menin-interface hypothesis outright, scoreably** [E2]: - **Menin CUT&RUN in a KMT2A::AFF1 infant finding menin at fewer than half of that sample's N/C-defined fusion-target promoters.** The fusion would then be sitting at most of its sites without menin, and the interface would not be a general requirement. The denominator for that test is now defined and is roughly 1,000 promoters per sample. - **Menin occupancy that is as flat across fusion and wild-type sites as AFF1's is here (ratio 0.56-1.45 against ENL's 1.90-2.78).** Menin would then carry no more fusion information than the partner protein does, and every menin-occupancy argument in this corpus would inherit the same defect this beat found in AFF1 occupancy. - **A menin inhibitor evicting the fusion from wild-type KMT2A promoters as much as from fusion-target promoters**, which would make the interface a general KMT2A-chromatin requirement rather than a fusion-specific one. **None of these can be run in this deposit**, because it contains no menin library in any KMT2A::AFF1 sample; the only menin tracks are in one KMT2A::ENL patient under drug.
How this sits beside Q141
Q141 found, in a fusion-degron system, that menin departure from fusion-occupied promoters is partial where fusion loss is total, and that a DOT1L inhibitor removes menin from fusion promoters about as well as destroying the fusion does. Both findings say menin's presence at a promoter is not a simple function of the fusion's presence. This beat adds the converse from primary material: the fusion's presence at a promoter is not a simple function of an unchanged menin interface. The two together push the same way - menin and the fusion are coupled at a promoter, but neither one determines the other's address.
The honest weakness of this argument
It is one patient, two timepoints, and a post-chemotherapy relapse, so clonal selection is a live alternative: if p318's leukaemia descends from a minor subclone of p279 with a different epigenome, then nothing changed within a cell and the comparison is between two populations rather than two states. The deposit has no clonality data. The argument survives in weakened form even then, because the two subclones share the same fusion allele and the same interface while differing in target set - but 'the same cell rewired' and 'a different cell selected' are different mechanisms and this cannot choose between them.
| mechanism class | chromatin targeting |
|---|---|
| claim | An invariant menin-binding interface is compatible with a near-complete change of fusion target set within one patient, so the interface cannot be the selector of fusion address. |
| system | primary infant KMT2A::AFF1, two states of one patient plus one unrelated infant B-ALL (GSE252378) |
| shown for fusion | KMT2A::AFF1 in primary infant patient material; nothing in KMT2A::MLLT3 or in a line |
- A menin inhibitor's target promoter list is lineage-state-dependent, so a pharmacodynamic assay validated at diagnosis may read as 'no effect' in the relapse it is used to treat - and lineage switch is itself a documented menin-inhibitor resistance route in this corpus.
- If the selector of fusion address is the lineage transcription-factor landscape rather than the menin contact, then combining a menin inhibitor with anything that shifts lineage identity could move the fusion rather than remove it.
- Is the p318 clone a descendant of the p279 bulk or of a minor subclone? Without clonality data the rewiring-versus-selection question is open.
- At how many of a primary KMT2A::AFF1 sample's ~1,000 fusion-target promoters is menin actually present? Nobody has measured it in any patient.
- E1moderate confidence 3 of 5: One strong study, or several smaller consistent ones.dataset
Between the B-ALL and the lineage-switched AML of one KMT2A::AFF1 infant the N/C-defined fusion-target promoter set overlaps at Jaccard 0.117, lower than between two unrelated infant B-ALLs (0.149), while the MEN1 promoter is not a fusion target in any of the three states (N/C 0.51-0.78).
GSE252378 - AutoCUT&RUN and AutoCUT&Tag profiles of 36 MLL-rearranged leukemia samples (171 GSMs, hg38) · Janssens DH, Henikoff S (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center / Van Andel Institute) · NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus 2024What this evidence cannot show
One patient. Promoter windows, within-sample shares, no spike-in. The fusion allele's identity in p318 is assumed from the deposit's annotation and was not re-sequenced; a different breakpoint in the relapse clone would weaken the 'same interface' premise.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- If the fusion is simply much less abundant in p318 - which the source paper reports for lineage-switching samples generally - then the target set could shrink to its strongest sites without any change in what selects them, and a low Jaccard would follow from a level change alone. This entry's inference that selection is state-dependent is not separable from a dose effect in these data. Janssens DH et al. 2024
- E2established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.dataset
No menin CUT&RUN exists in any KMT2A::AFF1 sample in GSE252378, so none of the refutation tests named here can be run on this deposit.
GSE252378 - AutoCUT&RUN and AutoCUT&Tag profiles of 36 MLL-rearranged leukemia samples (171 GSMs, hg38) · Janssens DH, Henikoff S (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center / Van Andel Institute) · NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus 2024What this evidence cannot show
Bounded by reading all 171 sample records. See absence-q142-no-menin-cut-and-run-exists-in-any-kmt2a-aff1-sample-in-gse252378.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- Menin occupancy in KMT2A::AFF1 cell lines is published and could supply a first pass at the same tests; this entry treats a cell-line answer as insufficient, which is a position this corpus takes repeatedly and which a reader may regard as too strict. Janssens DH et al. 2024
- E3established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.paper
The source paper's model is that MLL oncoproteins promote lineage switching through dynamic chromatin binding at lineage-specific target genes, with oncoprotein levels influencing which programme is activated.
MLL oncoprotein levels influence leukemia lineage identities · Janssens DH, Duran M, Otto DJ, Wu W, Xu Y, Kirkey D, Mullighan CG, Yi JS, Meshinchi S, Sarthy JF, Ahmad K, Henikoff S · Nature Communications 15:9341 2024What this evidence cannot show
Across 36 samples; the mechanistic claim is a model proposed by the authors, not a demonstrated causal chain.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- The paper proposes that oncoprotein LEVEL drives the redistribution, which is a competing explanation for this entry's observation and one the entry cannot exclude; if level is the whole story, the menin interface could still be the selector at every level, acting on a shrinking pool. Janssens DH et al. 2024
removes this entry's quantitative support while its conclusion survives on q144's independent result - but that is about MAGNITUDE and this is about ADDRESS, so the addressing claim is open rather than established
constrains what the menin interface can determine
- related to →KMT2A::AFF1 (MLL-AF4), t(4;11)(q21;q23)
fusion address is state-dependent, interface is not
the Jaccard comparison
why the refutation tests cannot be run here
the target list moves with the lineage the drug selects
pharmacodynamic gene lists are lineage-state-dependent
the amount-side twin of that address-side constraint
the same argument, now with a matched null and 27 comparator pairs instead of 3 samples